
ConocoPhillips,
a granddaughter company of Standard Oil, planned to drop
the Union Oil (76) Ball sign. Click the above
link! While C-P has agreed to keep some of the balls
around if they are painted C-P red, we need to keep our
eyes on them. Make sure we save the Union 76 Ball! Don't
let ConocoPhillips become the company without Balls.
|
Whatever Happened to Standard
Oil?
A highly abridged
history of the petroleum companies that have used the
'Standard' brand name.
John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust is one of the
most famous industrial organizations ever. The Trust
controlled a lion's share of the production, transport,
refining, and marketing of petroleum products in the
United States and many other countries. Originally, this
was an attempt to make money on the home lighting market
which was converting from whale oil to kerosene. The
emergence of the automobile and its thirst for the
formerly near worthless refining by-product called
gasoline brought dizzying wealth to this industrial
group. The 1911 decision to break up the Trust had the
result of making the seperate pieces more valubale than
the whole was, and stock prices rose sharply. The break
up of Standard Oil mirrors a more modern monopoly breakup
- AT&T - a.k.a. The Bell System, "Ma Bell".
Both developed a ubiquitous brand names: Bell
for telephone service, Standard for oil.
Like the "Baby Bells", many of the "Baby
Standards" kept the old company name as they went
into business for themselves. Unlike the various Bell
companies, they were restricted from using Standard name
in each other's territory, and defended the exclusive
territorial rights to the name vigorously. Both the Bell
companies and the Standards rose again to dominate the
market, becoming more valuable than the original parent.
More Standard Oil Companies were created as some
successor organizations declined to use the venerable
Standard name in favor of pre-trust identities and the
other Standards expanded into those marketing areas. As
national advertising and travel blossomed, the various
Standards ended up in competition, often adopting the
names of smaller oil companies they had purchased. The
goal of this site is to track the history of the Baby
Standards, discovering what became of the Rockefeller
petroleum giant.
|
If you want to find out what became of Ma Bell, check out this link.
The breakup and reconsolidation has happened on a much faster
time table than Standard's, and only two of the successor
companies still claim to be "Bell". The old '69 Bell
logo is still in use by BellSouth, and Verizon. No word on Qwest and at&t/SBC. Oops, well, no word
if New at&t (att/SBC & BellSouth) will still use
the bell. Verizon's is red,
and Cincinnati Bell
quit using the classic bell in 2005. If the Bell companies were
equated regionally to the Standards - Sohio (Cincinnatti Bell)
would still be independant, ExxonMobil would be Verizon (Exxon -
BellAtlantic / Mobil - Nynex) and Chevron (SBC / Pacific Telesys)
would have purchased Amoco (Ameritech), then finally turned and
purchased KYSO (BellSouth)
Click HERE
for answers to some Frequently Asked Questions

Before the Trust breakup, there
were other Standard Oils. You need a timeline of Standard's
history to understand what happened to them.
- 1868: Standard
Oil Company (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is
organized. This was the first Standard Oil, successor to
the South Improvement Company.
- 1870: The
Standard Oil Company is incorporated in Ohio.
This would later become Sohio, and was the leading
organization in the Trust for many years. Gilbert & Barker
Manufacturing (modern Gilbarco) organized in Massachusetts
- 1873: Ohio Standard purchases
50% of Chess, Carley & Company
- 1874: Atlantic
Refining (est. 1866 as Atlantic Petroleum Storage
Company) is added to the Standard alliance.
- 1875: Acme Oil Company
and Camden Consolidated Oil Company join the
Standard alliance.
- 1877: The
Standard Oil Company of California (Ventura)
formed by local businessmen in Ventura County,
California, hoping for a future connection to the eastern
company; Baltimore United Oil Company formed of
parts of many smaller firms, including Camden
Consolidated.
- 1878: Waters-Pierce Oil
Company (formerly H.C. Pierce & Company) and Consolidated
Tank Line Company (Cincinnati) came under the
influence of the Trust.
- 1879: The
Standard Oil Company (Ohio)'s marketing area
included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan,
the Rocky Mountain States, and California. Vacuum Oil
Company (est. 1866) added to the Trust. Pacific
Coast Oil Company acquired The Standard Oil Company
of California (Ventura).
- 1880: Imperial
Oil of Canada founded.
- 1881: National
Transit Company formed to own and operate
pipelines.
- 1882: Standard
Oil Company of New Jersey ("Standard")
was formed to take advantage of New Jersey laws that
allowed corporations to own stock in other corporations.
It provided adminstrative coordination to the Trust. Standard
Oil Company of New York also formed this year,
and administered most of the foreign territories. The
West India Oil Company formed to handle refining in
Cuba & the Caribbean.
- 1883: Standard of
Ohio's midwestern marketing area was acquired by P.C.
Hanford Oil Company, a Standard afflilate; McKirgan
Oil Company (Newark, NJ) incorporated by Standard,
was part of Acme (NY)
- 1884: Continental
Oil (est. 1875 as Continental Oil and
Transportation Company) was acquired by the Standard
alliance to handle distribution in Colorado, Montana,
Utah, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Gilbert & Barker
acquired by the Standard Oil Trust.
- 1885: Standard
Oil Company of Iowa was formed to handle
marketing along the Pacific coast. Solar Refining
Company formed. Buckeye Pipe Line formed.
Standard's Vacuum Oil opened a marketing office in
Liverpool, England.
- January
1, 1886 - Standard
Oil Marketing Map

- 1886: Standard
Oil Company of Kentucky was formed to absorb the
assets of Chess, Carley, & Company. Also, Standard
Oil Company of Minnesota was formed to absorb Bartles
& Richardson in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North
Dakota and South Dakota. Remaining assets of The
Standard Oil Company of California (Ventura)
liquidated.
- 1887: Ohio Oil
Company formed; Globe Oil (Minn) purchased
- 1888: Anglo-American Oil
Company, Ltd. formed; Continental Oil acquires an
interest in United Oil of Colorado; McKirgan
Oil Company purchased by Jersey Standard; The first
all steel tanker, the Standard,
built for Socony.
- 1889: Standard
Oil Company of Indiana was formed, centered
around the Whiting, Indiana refinery. It was only in the
production end of the oil business. The Ohio Oil Company
was purchased by the Standard Trust, its only customer. South
Penn Oil Company was formed to explore and produce
oil in Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
- 1890: The Trust
purchased the remaining shares of P.C. Hanford and
transferred its assets to the newly formed Standard
Oil Company of Illinois
- 1892: Due to court
action by the State of Ohio, the Standard Oil Trust
officially dissolved. Jersey Standard becomes the
controlling organization for Standard. Indiana Standard's
capitalization soared when it separated from Ohio
Standard. It purchased and absorbed Illinois Standard,
Minnesota Standard, & Globe Oil (Minn) gaining a
midwestern marketing arm. Standard Oil Company
(Pittsburgh, PA) & Acme Oil (PA) absorbed by Atlantic
Refining. Standard Oil of Kentucky absorbed Consolidated
Tank Line. Standard Oil of New Jersey absorbed Baltimore
United Oil, Camden Consolidated Oil, & Eagle Oil.
Standard Oil of New York absorbed Acme Oil (NY) &
Maverick Oil; outside of the US, Socony opened an office
in Shanghai, China.
- 1893:
Socony opens an office in Yokohama, Japan to sell
kerosene, Vacuum Oil opens an office in Kobe, Japan to
sell lubricants.
- 1895: Standard enters
the promising Kansas oil fields under the name Forest
Oil buying out Guffey & Galey
- 1896: Indiana
Standard purchased the marketing rights to Iowa,
Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri from Kentucky Standard. (The)
Standard Oil Company of Kansas and Standard
Oil Company of Missouri organized due to
anti-Standard sentiment in those states. SO (Kan.) was
only a refining concern.
- 1897: Empreza
Industria de Petroleo organized in West Virginia.
- 1899: Indiana
Standard purchased Ohio Standard's remaining eastern
Michigan and eastern Indiana marketing areas. Standard Oil of Missouri dissolved; Socony
decides to open an office in Hamburg, Germany.
- 1900: Pacific
Coast Oil Company (est. 1879) was purchased by
Standard Oil.
- 1901: Republic Oil
formed to 'compete' with Standard by Standard
stockholders, operating in secret. Galena-Signal Oil
Company formed by merging of Galena Oil and Signal
Oil. Kansas Oil & Gas Company absorbed the assets of
Forest Oil. Later that same year Prairie Oil & Gas
Company, another Standard company, absorbed Kansas Oil
& Gas.
- 1902:
Vacuum Oil opens an office in Alexandria, Egypt.
- 1905: Jersey Standard acquired
Carter Oil, Marion Oil, Washington Oil, Crescent Pipe
Line, and South-West Pennsylvania Pipe Lines from
National Transit
- 1906: Standard
Oil Company of California was formed to take over
the Pacific coast marketing area of Pacific Coast Oil and
Iowa Standard. Iowa Standard was liquidated prior to the
Trust breakup, despite being mentioned in court papers.
Also that year, Standard Oil Company of Nebraska
was formed from Indiana Standard assets in response to an
anti-monopoly campaign in that state. Republic Oil was
dissolved and its assets sold to Indiana Standard, Ohio
Standard, and Waters-Pierce.
- 1908: Chesebrough
Manufactuing Company (est 1875) added to Standard
Oil.
- 1909: Standard Oil
Company of Louisiana organized by Jersey
Standard. Navarro (Corsicana) Refining Company
& Security Oil Company severed from Standard
in a Texas court decision. Manhattan Oil Company absorbed
by Anglo-American Oil Company
- 1910: Standard Oil
Company of Brazil organized, absorbs Empreza Industria de Petroleo;
Louisiana Standard acquired Tennessee marketing from
Kentucky Standard. Gilbert & Barker makes its first
gasoline pumps.
Other Standard Oils:
Standard Oil of Colorado
was chartered in Denver in 1922, the unused charter was
recinded in 1926. In 1927, it was re-incorporated as Standard Oil
Company of Colorado and sold stock by 1930 to small investors
trying to get a piece of the fractured Trust as the demand for
gasoline increased. The company had no oil wells, no refineries,
and no gasoline stations. In 1930, Indiana Standard was extending
its "Standard" marketing area into Conoco territory -
Colorado and other Rocky Mountain states. After much confusion,
in 1931 Indiana Standard sued Colorado Standard over the use of
the Standard Oil name and won. In 1934, the suit was upheld and
Colorado Standard was relegated to the footnotes of history.
Standard
Oil of Connecticut
was chartered as Standard Coal and Charcoal Company in Stratford,
CT in 1913. The company's local focus and lack of an oil
connection at that time left it beneath the radar of Socony (New
York's Standard Oil). The company survived the Great Depression
and became Standard Fuel in 1945. After the great re-branding of
Esso as Exxon in the USA in the 1970's, the local rights to the
Standard Oil name became available. Standard Fuel took the
opportunity and became Standard Oil in 1980. Since then they have
also added the trademarks Standard Oil of New York (SONY?)
and Standard Oil of Massachusetts (SOMA?), which has never
been used by any other Standard Oil company. They have even
branched into supplying gasoline and diesel as Standard
Petroleum since 1987.
Someone attempted to register Standard
Oil of New England, Standard Oil Company
of New England, and Standard Oil of New
Hampshire as trade names in New Hampshire around
1954, according to this website. Esso Standard Oil (Jersey Standard)
didn't care to have motorists confused, considering it was
operating Esso stations in the state at the time and spending
significant funds on advertising. They won the court case and
three more Standards found themselves on the sidelines of
history. No word on how Socony-Mobil felt about the additional
interloper.
Standard
Oil around the World - the story of Standard Oil is bigger than
the USA. See who else has called themselves Standard Oil.
Standard
Oil pre-1911 . Standard Oil in 1911 . Standard
Oil in 1941 . Standard
Oil in 1961 . Standard
Oil Today . Standard
Oil Worldwide
Frequently
Asked Questions
- Q: Do
you know what happened other to oil companies besides the
ones listed on this site? A: It's very unlikely. I have
eneough trouble watching the various Standard Oils. Your
best bet is to contact the government in the state it was
chartered.
- Q: I
inherited this stock certificate or found it my
relative's papers. Do you know what this is worth? A: No. You should consider
asking a lawyer or stockbroker. As a representation of
equity in a corporation, odds are your paper is
worthless. As an antique document, you may have a
valuable collectible. I urge you to go to http://www.scripophily.com/ to find out more. Many of
these old stock certificates are worth over a hundred
dollars or more to collectors.
- Q: Do
you know what happened to any employees or managers of
these oil companies? A: No, except for my own
relatives. I don't have any personnel records. Your best
bet is to contact the company in question or its
successor. ExxonMobil has placed much of their historical records, including employee records,
at the University of Texas at Austin.
- Q: Do
you have any connection to these companies? A: Mostly as a customer.
Employees within ExxonMobil, ChevronTexaco, bp and
ConocoPhillips are, or were, aware of this site. I value
their input. This site is mirrored in bp's Intranet, with
my permission. ExxonMobil has informed me they do not
endorse any extenal websites.
- Q:
Would you be willing to do research on former Standard
Oil employees, stock certificate value, and / or other
oil company histories? A: Yes, but that would take a
lot of my time and even more of your money. Private
investigators would probably be much cheaper and work a
lot faster. http://www.scripophily.com/ does that sort of thing
professionally, and at a much better rate than I'd give
you.
If you any have thoughts, comments,
additions, or suggestions, Click here to E-mail the
webmaster.
Information presented here is accurate to the best of my
knowledge, and is current as of the last update. If you have
differing facts or better information, please contact me,
especially if you represent a company who shares in the Standard
Oil heritage.
This
page first posted February 8, 2000.
This page last
edited Thursday, February 15, 2007
In 1980, Standard Oil of California
published a bar graph form of this site, named the same as this
site "Whatever happened to Standard Oil?". Mark
Greaves scanned in his copy, and it is linked here for your
perusal. This is a big graphic. You have been warned.
LEGAL
NOTE: The use of oil company logos and names on this website is
meant to educate, illustrate and clarify, and is not meant as a
challenge to the copyrights of the companies represented on this
site, their predecessors, or their successors. Research and
commentary © 2004 R.V. Droz.
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